Alpha-lipoic acid, also known as thioctic acid or 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid, is a powerful antioxidant that is widely used in food supplements for management of various chronic diseases and as an
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Food additives are used to preserve, color, and stabilize foods and food products such as food supplements during their production, packaging, or storage. Among additives, the main function of preservatives
Around 80% of the population regularly take food supplements and most consumers are convinced that the products are safe and effective. Despite the popularity of FS, some concerns have been
Lactose is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides: D-glucose and D-galactose, linked by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond, and is found mainly in dairy products. It occurs in two isomeric forms: α-lactose
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin obtained from the diet either in the form of vitamin A (mainly retinol and retinyl esters) in foods of animal origin or as provitamin
Proficiency testing is an effective external quality control tool for evaluating a laboratory’s analytical performance since it provides an important interlaboratory comparison and objective assessment of staff competencies, sample handling,
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), synthesized from methionine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is an endogenous metabolite present in all living organisms. SAM exists in two diastereoisomeric forms: the biologically active isomer (S,S)-S-adenosyl-methionine and
Dry extract of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is listed in the European Pharmacopeia and other monographs as a component of herbal preparations indicated for the symptomatic treatment of functional digestive
Vitamin K is recognized as a key factor in the synthesis of blood clotting factors, but its involvement in a broader range of biological mechanisms, including calcium homeostasis, bone and
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an important neurohormone that readily penetrates cell membranes and exerts many beneficial biological functions for human health and well-being, including neuroprotective, immune-supportive, and anti-ageing properties. The best-known